AOC1

Vitamin C is a cofactor for DAO and is required for its correct function ⁶, which contributes to the breakdown of histamine.

Therefore, carriers of the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T, which is associated with histamine intolerance, may benefit from vitamin C supplementation to ensure maximal DAO activity limiting the effect of histamine.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the source and components of any dietary supplement should be considered as they may contain factors which will trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Vitamin B6 is one of three cofactors for DAO and is required for its proper function ^7,8, leading to the breakdown of histamine.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T may consider vitamin B6 supplementation.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the composition of any dietary supplement should be considered as many contain ingredients which can trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Copper is an essential mineral cofactor required for DAO’s histamine degrading activity ⁹.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T may wish to consider copper supplementation.

Quercetin is a common flavonoid molecule found in many foods with reddy or dark green vegetables being a particularly rich source ¹⁰. Apples are very high in quercetin.

Quercetin exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on the immune cells (mast cells) which release histamine. In those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T, which is associated with histamine intolerance as the result of reduced DAO activity, prevention of excessive histamine release may prove beneficial.

The amino acid L-theanine, found in certain green and black teas, has been shown to inhibit the release of histamine and other inflammatory agents from mast cells ¹¹.

Therefore those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T may benefit from supplementation to prevent, or limit excessive histamine release inducing histamine intolerance.

NSAID defines a drug class which provides pain killing and fever reducing effects, there are several different types however those typically available to consumers include asprin, ibruprofen (Advil or Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve or Naprosyn).

NSAID have been shown to be a common cause of drug-related hypersensitivity whereby an immune response, which involves histamine release, is generated ¹².

The risk ‘T’ allele of C47T was specifically associated with an increased risk of developing a hypersensitive response. Although it was not clear if carriers were more likely to generate an immune response, or if their immune response was more severe ¹³.

Therefore, those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T may benefit from avoiding high dose NSAIDs or trying alternative pain relieving medication.

As well as being produced in the body, histamine is also present in numerous foods including; fermented foods, bananas, avocado, dried fruits, smoked and salted fish, hard cheeses, smoked meats, pickled vegetables, vinegars and several alcoholic drinks ¹⁴.

Therefore those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C47T may consider avoiding, or reducing their intake of these food groups in order to limit the development of histamine intolerance.

Vitamin C is one of three cofactors required by DAO to function properly ⁶, resulting in the breakdown of histamine.

Therefore, carriers of the risk ‘T’ allele of C995T, which is associated with histamine intolerance may benefit from vitamin C supplementation, to ensure proper DAO activity limiting the effect of histamine.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the composition of any dietary supplement should be considered as many contain ingredients which can trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Vitamin B6 is a key cofactor for DAO and is required for its correct function leading to the breakdown of histamine ^7,8.

To ensure proper DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘T’ allele of C995T may consider from vitamin B6 supplementation.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the source and components of any dietary supplement should be considered as they may contain factors which will trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Copper is a cofactor required for DAO activity ⁹, which leads to the breakdown of histamine.

Carriers of the risk ‘T’ allele of C995T may therefore benefit from copper supplementation to reduce the adverse effects associated with histamine intolerance.

Quercetin is a type of flavonoid which is found in many types of foods ¹⁰.

It has been shown act as a very strong inhibitor of histamine release from immune cells which release histamine. Therefore, in those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C995T, which is associated with histamine intolerance associated with reduced DAO activity, inhibition of histamine release may prove beneficial.

L-theanine, an amino acid which is abundant in green and black tea, can inhibit the release of histamine and other inflammatory agents from mast cells ¹¹.

Therefore those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C995T may benefit from supplementation to prevent, or limit, excessive histamine release inducing histamine intolerance.

As well as being produced in the body histamine is also present in numerous foods including; smoked and salted fish, hard cheeses, smoked meats, pickled vegetables, vinegars and several alcoholic drinks ¹⁴.

Therefore, those carrying the risk ‘T’ allele of C995T may consider avoiding, or reducing their intake of these food groups in order to limit the development of histamine intolerance.

Vitamin C is a cofactor for DAO and is required for its correct function ⁶, which contributes to the breakdown of histamine.

Therefore, carriers of the risk ‘C or G’ alleles of C1933G/T, which is associated with histamine intolerance may benefit from vitamin C supplementation, to ensure maximal DAO activity limiting the effect of histamine.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the source and components of any dietary supplement should be considered as they may contain factors which will trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Vitamin B6 is one of three cofactors for DAO and is required for its proper function ^7,8, leading to the breakdown of histamine.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘C or G’ alleles of C1933G/T may consider from vitamin B6 supplementation.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the composition of any dietary supplement should be considered as many contain ingredients which can trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Copper is an essential mineral cofactor required for DAOs histamine degrading activity ⁹.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘C or G’ alleles of C1933G/T may wish to consider copper supplementation.

Quercetin is a common flavonoid molecule found in many foods with reddy or dark green vegetables being a particularly rich source ¹⁰.

Quercetin exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on the immune cells which release histamine. In those carrying the risk ‘C or G’ alleles of C1933G/T which is associated with histamine intolerance as the result of reduced DAO activity, prevention of excessive histamine release may prove beneficial.

The amino acid L-theanine, found in certain green and black teas, has been shown to inhibit the release of histamine and other inflammatory agents from mast cells ¹¹.

Therefore, those carrying the risk ‘C or G’ alleles of C1933G/T may benefit from supplementation to prevent, or limit excessive histamine release inducing histamine intolerance.

As well as being produced in the body histamine is also present in numerous foods including; smoked and salted fish, hard cheeses, smoked meats, pickled vegetables, vinegars and several alcoholic drinks ¹⁴.

Therefore, those carrying the risk ‘C or G’ alleles of C1933G/T may consider avoiding, or reducing their intake of these food groups in order to limit the development of histamine intolerance.

Vitamin C is a cofactor for DAO and is required for its correct function ⁶, which contributes to the breakdown of histamine.

Therefore, carriers of the risk ‘A’ allele of G1437A, which is associated with histamine intolerance may benefit from vitamin C supplementation, to ensure maximal DAO activity limiting the effect of histamine.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the source and components of any dietary supplement should be considered as they may contain factors which will trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Vitamin B6 is one of three cofactors for DAO and is required for its proper function ^7,8, leading to the breakdown of histamine.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘A’ allele of G1437A may consider from vitamin B6 supplementation.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the composition of any dietary supplement should be considered as many contain ingredients which can trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Copper is an essential mineral cofactor required for DAOs histamine degrading activity ⁹.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘A’ allele of G1437A may wish to consider copper supplementation.

Quercetin is a common flavonoid molecule found in many foods with reddy or dark green vegetables being a particularly rich source ¹⁰.

Quercetin exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on the immune cells which release histamine. In those carrying the risk ‘A’ allele of G1437A which is associated with histamine intolerance as the result of reduced DAO activity, prevention of excessive histamine release may prove beneficial.

The amino acid L-theanine, found in certain green and black teas, has been shown to inhibit the release of histamine and other inflammatory agents from mast cells ¹¹.

Therefore, those carrying the risk ‘A’ allele of G1437A may benefit from supplementation to prevent, or limit excessive histamine release inducing histamine intolerance.

As well as being produced in the body histamine is also present in numerous foods including; smoked and salted fish, hard cheeses, smoked meats, pickled vegetables, vinegars and several alcoholic drinks ¹⁴.

Therefore those carrying the risk ‘A’ allele of G1437A may consider avoiding, or reducing their intake of these food groups in order to limit the development of histamine intolerance.

Vitamin C is a cofactor for DAO and is required for its correct function ⁶, which contributes to the breakdown of histamine.

Therefore, carriers of the risk ‘C’ allele of A1975C, which is associated with histamine intolerance may benefit from vitamin C supplementation, to ensure maximal DAO activity limiting the effect of histamine.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the source and components of any dietary supplement should be considered as they may contain factors which will trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Vitamin B6 is one of three cofactors for DAO and is required for its proper function ^7,8, leading to the breakdown of histamine.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘C’ allele of A1975C may consider from vitamin B6 supplementation.

Importantly, for those with a histamine intolerance the composition of any dietary supplement should be considered as many contain ingredients which can trigger a response, negating any positive effect.

Copper is an essential mineral cofactor required for DAOs histamine degrading activity ⁹.

To ensure maximal DAO activity, limiting the effect of histamine, carriers of the risk ‘C’ allele of A1975C may wish to consider copper supplementation.

Quercetin is a common flavonoid molecule found in many foods with reddy or dark green vegetables being a particularly rich source ¹⁰.

Quercetin exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on the immune cells which release histamine. In those carrying the risk ‘C’ allele of A1975C which is associated with histamine intolerance as the result of reduced DAO activity, prevention of excessive histamine release may prove beneficial.

The amino acid L-theanine, found in certain green and black teas, has been shown to inhibit the release of histamine and other inflammatory agents from mast cells ¹¹.

Therefore, those carrying the risk ‘C’ allele of A1975C may benefit from supplementation to prevent, or limit excessive histamine release inducing histamine intolerance.

As well as being produced in the body histamine is also present in numerous foods including; smoked and salted fish, hard cheeses, smoked meats, pickled vegetables, vinegars and several alcoholic drinks ¹⁴.

Therefore those carrying the risk ‘C’ allele of A1975C may consider avoiding, or reducing their intake of these food groups in order to limit the development of histamine intolerance.